Whenever the term Ancient is used, the discussion go around Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, China, and India. No doubt, these countries have a lot to show from the Pyramids in Sudan and Egypt to the Great Wall of China, from the of Mesopotania in Iraq to Taj Mahal in India and the list goes on. But more than 3500 year before the construction of Taj Mahal had began, there had been a civilized and technically advanced cities in Pakistan.
Pakistan, who got independance of Britain in 1947, once had one of the oldest civilisation in the world. The Indus Valley Civilisation now has living wonders in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and MahrGarh. The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations. It thrived in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, making it one of the most ancient civilizations in human history. Key characteristics and aspects of the Indus Valley Civilization include:

Urban Centers:
The civilization had well-planned cities, including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, with advanced urban infrastructure. It had grid-based street layouts, sewage systems, and well-constructed buildings. The people of higher caste of these cities used to live in better houses while small houses in lower area were granted to the poors and people of lower castes. This system was later adopted by Hindus.
Writing System:
The Indus script, which remains undeciphered to this day, is one of the earliest known writing systems. It is found on numerous seals and artifacts. This manuscript follows right-to-left pattern just like it is seen in Urdu, Persian, and Arabic manuscripts that are still followed by the loacals. Even though many written scripts are founded in these cities but that language is yet to be decoded despite many attempts by archeologists. The ancient writings include emojies of animals, weopens, and signs. Mostly an emoji of Bull or Cow was used.
Agriculture:
The civilization was primarily agrarian, relying on a sophisticated irrigation system to support its agricultural activities. They grew various crops, including wheat, barley, and cotton. These crops were probabaly exported to the nearby cities.
Trade and Commerce:
The Indus Valley people engaged in long-distance trade, as evidenced by their seals, which depict various animals and goods. They had contact with other contemporary civilizations, such as Mesopotamia. There are many evidences suggesting the availability of Indus Velley language in Mesopotamia. It might possibly reflect the foreign affairs of that time. Artifacts from this civilization, including pottery, figurines, and jewelry, demonstrate the people’s skill in various crafts. They often used distinctive motifs, such as the “unicorn” seal.
Decline and Disappearance:
The reasons for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization are still debated, but factors such as environmental changes, natural disasters, and invasions by other groups may have contributed to its downfall. Some suggest that the civilization’s fall was because of some attack. Since there were bone or dead body found, may be those people left these areas because of Indus river drying up.
Legacy:
The Indus Valley Civilization has left a lasting legacy in the Pakistan, influencing subsequent cultures and providing insights into early urban life and societal organization. Many aspects of their culture, like the use of standardized weights and measures, may have had a lasting impact on the region.
While much is known about the material culture of the Indus Valley Civilization, aspects of its society and governance remain shrouded in mystery due to the inability to decipher its script. Researchers continue to study and excavate the archaeological sites to gain a deeper understanding of this remarkable ancient civilization.